[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|alt=A world map highlighting the several island claims of the United States|thumb|600px|Locations of the insular areas of the United States, color-coded to indicate status
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In the law of the United States, an insular area is a U.S.-associated jurisdiction that is not part of a U.S. state or the District of Columbia. This includes fourteen U.S. territories administered under U.S. sovereignty, as well as three each with a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Three of the U.S. territories are in the Caribbean Sea, eleven are in the Pacific Ocean, and all three freely associated states are also in the Pacific. Two additional Caribbean territories are disputed and administered by Colombia.
of the U.S. Constitution grants to the United States Congress the responsibility of overseeing the territories. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions known as the Insular Cases created a distinction between "incorporated territories", where the full Constitution of the United States applies, and "unincorporated territories", where only basic protections apply. The only current incorporated territory, Palmyra Atoll, is uninhabited.
A U.S. territory is considered "organized" when the U.S. Congress passes an organic act for it.[ Three of the U.S. territories with a permanent non-military population have constitutions, and all five have locally elected territorial legislatures and executives, and some degree of political autonomy. Four of the five are "organized", but American Samoa is technically "unorganized" and subject to the direct jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs.
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History
The first insular areas that the United States occupied were Baker Island, Howland Island, and Navassa Island (1857). Then Johnston Atoll and Jarvis Island (both in 1858) would be claimed. After the Spanish–American War in 1898, several territories were taken that are still under U.S. sovereignty (Puerto Rico and Guam, both in 1898).
The U.S. Navy annexed Kingman Reef in 1922. Spain had sold the Northern Mariana Islands to Germany in 1899.
The Marshall Islands became self-governing in 1979 and fully independent along with the Federated States of Micronesia in 1986. Palau achieved independence in 1994.
Timeline
- August 28, 1867
- Captain William Reynolds of the USS Lackawanna formally took possession of the Midway Atoll for the United States.
[ Midway Islands History. Janeresture.com. (archived from the original on January 1, 2006)]
- August 13, 1898
- United States Navy under Admiral George Dewey, United States Army's Eighth Army Corps under Major General Wesley Merritt, and Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur Jr. captured the city of Manila from Spain after Governor-General of the Philippines Fermin Jáudenes surrendered the city, which then remained Spanish-occupied even after the declaration of Philippine Independence from Spain and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic on June 12, 1898.
- February 4, 1899
- Philippine–American War began between the First Philippine Republic and the newly arrived US Military Government.
- April 11, 1899
- The Treaty of Paris of 1898 came into effect, transferring Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico from Spain to the United States, all three becoming unorganized, unincorporated territories. Puerto Rico's official name was changed to Porto Rico, a phonetic reinterpretation of the Spanish name for the territory.
- April 12, 1900
- The Foraker Act becomes effective, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States.
[ The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1901, p93]
- June 7, 1900
- The United States took control of the portion of the Samoan Islands given to it by the Treaty of Berlin of 1899, creating the unorganized, unincorporated territory of American Samoa.
- April 1, 1901
- General Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the First Philippine Republic and Filipino leader in the Philippine–American War, surrendered to the United States, allowing the U.S. to form a civilian government for the Philippines.
- August 29, 1916
- The Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law was signed, promising the Philippines independence.
- March 2, 1917
- Jones–Shafroth Act reorganized Puerto Rico. This act conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.
- March 31, 1917
- The United States purchased the Danish West Indies and renamed it as U.S. Virgin Islands under the terms of a treaty with Denmark.
- May 17, 1932
- The name of Porto Rico was changed to Puerto Rico.
- March 24, 1934
- The Tydings–McDuffie Act was signed allowing the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
- November 15, 1935
- The Commonwealth of the Philippines officially inaugurated Manuel L. Quezon as the President of the Philippine Commonwealth, held at the steps of the Old Legislative Building. The event was attended by 300,000 Filipinos.
- December 8, 1941
- Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded and occupied by Japan during World War II, initiating "the most destructive event ever to take place on U.S. soil".
- February 3 - March 3, 1945
- The month long Liberation of Manila led by General Douglas MacArthur took place, and consequently resulted in Manila Massacre committed by the Japanese forces throughout the Battle of Manila. An estimated 100,000 Manila civilians were killed during the massacre.
- August 1945
- The United States regains full control of its colony of the Philippines following the Philippines campaign.
- July 4, 1946
- The United States formally recognized the Philippine independence, establishing the Third Philippine Republic, which inaugurated Manuel Roxas as the President of the independent Philippines. The independence ceremonies and inauguration rites were held at the Quirino Grandstand.
- July 14, 1947
- The United Nations granted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States, consisting primarily of many islands fought over during World War II, and including what is now the Marshall Islands, the Carolina Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau. It was a trusteeship, and not a territory of the United States.
- August 5, 1947
- The Privileges and Immunities Clause regarding the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens of the United States was expressly extended to Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through federal law codified in Title 48 the United States Code as and signed by President Harry S. Truman. This law indicates that the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens of the United States shall be respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a State of the Union and subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of section 2 of article IV of the Constitution of the United States.
- July 1, 1950
- The Guam Organic Act came into effect, organizing Guam as an unincorporated territory.
- July 25, 1952
- Puerto Rico becomes a Commonwealth of the United States with the ratification of its constitution.
- July 22, 1954
- The organic act for the United States Virgin Islands went into effect, making them an unincorporated, organized territory.
- July 1, 1967
- American Samoa's constitution became effective. Even though no organic act was passed, this move to self-government made American Samoa similar to an organized territory.
- September 12, 1967
- Article Three of the United States Constitution, was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through the federal law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, this law was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
- January 1, 1978
- The Northern Mariana Islands left the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to become a commonwealth of the United States, making them an unincorporated and organized territory.
- January 9, 1978
- The Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Constitution, which had been ratified by voters on March 6, 1977, goes into effect.
- October 21, 1986
- The Marshall Islands attained independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, though the trusteeship granted by the United Nations technically did not end until December 22, 1990. The Marshall Islands remained in free association with the United States.
- November 3, 1986
- The Federated States of Micronesia attained independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and remained in free association with the United States.
- December 22, 1990
- The United Nations terminated the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for all but the Palau district.
- May 25, 1994
- The United Nations terminated the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for the Palau district, ending the territory and making Palau de facto independent, as it was not a territory of the United States.
- October 1, 1994
- Palau attained de jure independence, but it remained in free association with the United States.
- December 11, 2012
- The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution to request the president and the Congress of the United States to respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the union as a state.
- December 22, 2022
- The U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite to be held in November 2023;
- April 20, 2023
- Puerto Rico Status Act re-introduced in U.S. House with the plebiscite to be held in November 2025.
Citizenship
Congress has extended citizenship rights by birth to all inhabited territories except American Samoa, and these citizens may vote and run for office in any U.S. jurisdiction in which they are residents. The people of American Samoa are U.S. nationals by place of birth, or they are U.S. citizens by parentage, or naturalization after residing in a State for three months.[PBS Newshour, "American Samoans don't have right to U.S. citizenship" , Associated Press, June 5, 2015, viewed August 13, 2015.] Nationals are free to move around and seek employment within the United States without immigration restrictions, but cannot vote or hold office outside American Samoa.[US Department of Interior. "Insular Area Summary for American Samoa" . viewed August 13, 2015.]
Political representation
Each of the five inhabited areas: Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States Virgin Islands, has a non-voting member in the United States House of Representatives.
Taxation
Residents of the five major populated insular areas do not pay U.S. federal but are required to pay other U.S. federal taxes such as Import tax and Export tax taxes,
Puerto Rico is inside the main domestic customs territory of the United States, but the other insular areas are outside it; tariff treatment varies (see ).
Associated states
The U.S. State Department and the U.S. Code also use the term "insular area" to refer not only to territories under the sovereignty of the United States, but also those independent nations that have signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States. While these nations participate in many otherwise domestic programs, and full responsibility for their military defense rests with the United States, they are legally distinct from the United States and their inhabitants are neither U.S. citizens nor nationals.[
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Current insular areas by status
The following islands, or island groups, are considered insular areas:
Incorporated organized territories
None
Incorporated unorganized territory
One (uninhabited)
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Palmyra Atoll – U.S. Territory of Palmyra Island (mostly owned by the Federal Government and The Nature Conservancy; administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
Unincorporated organized territories
Four (inhabited)
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(organized under the Guam Organic Act of 1950)
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(Commonwealth, organized under the 1975 Covenant)
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(Commonwealth, organized under the 1900 Foraker Act)
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(organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands)
Unincorporated unorganized territories
One (inhabited)
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(self-governing even though officially unorganized and under the authority of the U.S. Department of the Interior)
Six (uninhabited)
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Baker Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
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Howland Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
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Jarvis Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
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Johnston Atoll (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
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Kingman Reef (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
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(administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
Two (uninhabited, disputed)
Claimed territories
Two (uninhabited, claimed)[ Bajo Nuevo: What you should know about the disputed island Jamaica ‘gave up’]
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Bajo Nuevo Bank (disputed with Colombia and Jamaica; administered by Colombia as a part of San Andrés and Providencia)
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Serranilla Bank (disputed with Colombia and Jamaica; administered by Colombia as a part of San Andrés and Providencia)
Freely associated states
Three sovereign UN member states which were all formerly in the U.S. administered United Nations Trust Territory and are currently in associated state with the United States. The U.S. provides national defense, funding, and access to social services.
After achieving independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, these states are no longer under U.S. sovereignty and thus not considered part of the United States.
Former insular areas
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Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947–1994): U.N. trust territory administered by the U.S.; included the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
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Philippines: military government, 1899–1902; insular government, 1902–1935; commonwealth government, 1935–1942 and 1945–1946 (islands under Japanese occupation, 1942–1945 and puppet state, 1943–1945); granted independence on July 4, 1946, by the Treaty of Manila.
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Hawaii: republican government, 1898–1900; territorial government, 1900–1959; became the State of Hawaii and the incorporated, unorganized territory of Palmyra Atoll on August 21, 1959.
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Swan Islands (1863–1972): claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; sovereignty ceded to Honduras in a 1972 treaty.
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Quita Sueño Bank, Roncador Bank and Serrana Bank: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims relinquished in the Vásquez-Saccio Treaty with Colombia in 1972.
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Caroline Island, Kirimati, Flint Island, Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Vostok Island, Birnie Island, Gardner Island, Orona, McKean Island, Manra, Rawaki, Canton Island and Enderbury Island: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Kiribati.
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Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Niulakita: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Tuvalu.
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Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn atoll and Rakahanga: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to the Cook Islands.
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Atafu, Fakaofo and Nukunonu: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Tokelau.
See also
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Dependent territory
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Insular Cases
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List of states and territories of the United States
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Protectorate
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Territorial evolution of the United States
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Territories of the United States on stamps
Notes
External links
